Premium e-Journal of Social Science (PEJOSS)

Distribution and Trend Analysis of Hail Days in the Thracian Peninsula

2025-07-20T02:01:56+03:00

Hail is an important climatic element that affects human life. Hail is a type of solid precipitation made up of hailstones that form when supercooled water drops and ice particles by descending and ascending many times in cumulonimbus (Cb) clouds, which are created by strong rising and falling air. Hailstones consist of interwoven ice layers with diameters ranging from 5 to 50 mm. Analyzing the monthly, seasonal, and annual distributions of the days with hail in the Thracian Peninsula, it is determined that the highest number of days with hail is in Lüleburgaz, Çanakkale, and Sarıyer, and the lowest number of days with hail is in Malkara and Florya. The month with the highest number of hailstorms is June, and the month with the lowest number is October. In terms of seasons, the number of days with hail ranks first in summer (36.8%) and second in spring (29.2%). Mann-Kendall and Kendall's Tau trend analysis methods indicate a statistically significant and positive trend in January, February, April, May, August, and November in Kırklareli, Edirne, Sarıyer, and Çanakkale. On an annual basis, a statistically significant and positive trend is tested in Edirne and Çanakkale. A negative and significant trend is observed in Uzunköprü, Kumköy, and İpsala in April, June, August, and November. The stations having a significant and negative annual trend are Uzunköprü, Kumköy, Çorlu, İpsala, and Gökçeada. The stations in the field that have neither monthly nor annual trends on days with hail are Lüleburgaz, Florya, Tekirdağ, and Malkara. It is understood that there is a significant and positive trend in Sarıyer and Çanakkale and a significant and negative trend in Gökçeada in winter, a significant and positive trend in Edirne and a significant and negative trend in Çorlu in spring, a significant and positive trend in Çanakkale and a significant and negative trend in Uzunköprü and Gökçeada in summer, and a significant and positive trend in Çanakkale and a significant and negative trend in Uzunköprü in summer. This study aims to reveal the effects of global warming and climate change on the monthly, seasonal, and annual distribution and trends of hail rainy days in the Thracian Peninsula in line with the principles of geography science. Within this context, it will be possible to make more accurate decisions in scientific planning by determining the monthly, seasonal, and annual trends related to hail precipitation, which occasionally reaches the disaster dimension in the Thracian Peninsula.

The Analysis of Ebru Artist Garip Ay's Works in the Context of Graphic Design

2025-07-14T13:37:42+03:00

This study aims to examine the relationship between the traditional Turkish decorative art of ebru and contemporary graphic design principles through the works of artist Garip Ay. The historical background, technical development, and expressive dimensions of ebru are explored, followed by an analysis of its intersection with key principles of graphic design. Within the framework of visual hierarchy, balance, rhythm, contrast, emphasis, and harmony, Garip Ay’s figurative and thematic ebru interpretations are evaluated. The findings suggest that ebru functions not merely as a traditional technique but as a narrative language that interacts with the visual culture of the digital age.

In the applied section of the research, four selected works from different periods of the artist were analyzed using visual analysis methods, within the context of graphic design principles. The results indicate that Garip Ay introduces a distinctive visual language to ebru, synthesizing traditional and modern elements, abstraction and figuration, stasis and movement. Through his effective use of digital media and visual storytelling tools, the artist situates ebru within an interdisciplinary artistic framework that resonates with both visual arts and contemporary design discourse.

The Impact of Post-Pandemic Digital Transformation on Labor Markets

2025-06-21T01:49:24+03:00

This research quantitatively investigates the structural transformations in labor markets triggered in the post-pandemic era by remote or hybrid working arrangements, automation investments, and artificial-intelligence applications. Drawing on the statistics presented in the World Economic Forum’s The Future of Jobs reports for 2020, 2023, and 2025, the research aims to uncover sector-level employment shifts and the prevalence of newly demanded skills. To this end, the reports’ micro-survey data were integrated with ILOSTAT and OECD sectoral employment series and the World Bank’s Digital Adoption Index scores, yielding a balanced panel data set covering 12 sectors across three years. Fixed-effects Driscoll–Kraay estimation reveals that a ten-percentage-point rise in the share of remote/hybrid work expands employment by 0.9 percent, while each one-unit increase in the digital-transformation index boosts employment by 1.5 percent. Conversely, a 10 percent increase in the artificial-intelligence investment ratio contracts employment by 0.8 percent in the short term; however, an equivalent improvement in reskilling–upskilling capacity more than offsets this loss, generating a net 2.1 percent expansion. The findings show chronic skill mismatches in the manufacturing and energy sectors and highlight the urgency of national reskilling funds, robust broadband infrastructure, and inclusive social-protection mechanisms. The research provides evidence-based recommendations for policymakers and firms to craft human-centered digital-transformation strategies, and it advocates sector-university micro-accreditation programs, tax-incentivized training funds, and lifelong-learning-oriented curriculum reforms to bridge skill gaps. Policies that enhance worker well-being are emphasized throughout.

Reimagining Urban Elements: Spatial Representation of Art through Industrial Design

2025-06-24T22:00:10+03:00

This paper examines how everyday public objects, such as urban furniture, can be transformed through artistic interventions and explores the role of industrial design in this process. In the context of rapid urbanization, public spaces are no longer perceived solely through their functional value but are increasingly shaped by aesthetic, cultural, and experiential dimensions. Within this framework, the intersection between art and design opens up possibilities for new spatial narratives, interactive surfaces, and alternative modes of use in the urban environment. Art installations turn the viewer into an active participant rather than a passive observer. When integrated with objects like urban furniture, these artistic approaches imbue everyday fixtures with conceptual depth and visual significance. Industrial design plays a vital role in this transformation by offering the necessary technical infrastructure, such as material knowledge, production methods, and ergonomic considerations, that make such artistic applications feasible in public space. This article presents a theoretical framework on the relationship between art and design and substantiates it with selected examples from both international and local contexts. Projects such as Superkilen Park (Copenhagen), Crown Fountain (Chicago), and Light Benches (Germany) are analyzed alongside the Beyoğlu Culture Route project in Istanbul. The findings reveal that urban furniture can evolve beyond its utilitarian function and serve as carriers of cultural representation and social interaction. In this regard, integrating art into public object design should be considered a strategic approach to enhancing both urban identity and user experience in public spaces.

The Mediating Role Of Organizational Commitment In The Effect Of Transformatıonal Leadership On The Formation Of Organizational Culture And A Research On

2025-06-25T22:28:04+03:00

This study was conducted to examine the effects of leadership styles on organizational dynamics in contemporary organizational structures. In particular, the effect of the transformational leadership approach on the formation of organizational culture and the mediating role of organizational commitment in this effect were investigated. Transformational leadership was evaluated as an important element in shaping organizational culture with its aspects such as motivating employees, creating a vision and maximizing the potential of individuals. In this context, the study tested whether organizational commitment was a mediating mechanism in the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational culture with structural equation modeling (SEM). It was also examined whether the participants' perceptions of transformational leadership, organizational commitment and organizational culture differed according to demographic characteristics. The research was conducted using quantitative methods and relational screening models, and data were collected through an online survey. The sample of the study consisted of 302 employees working in different sectors, and the data were analyzed with SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 24 programs. The findings revealed that transformational leadership created significant and positive effects on organizational commitment and organizational culture. In addition, the organizational commitment variable played a partial mediating role in the effect of transformational leadership on organizational culture. According to the findings, it was concluded that leadership alone may not be sufficient in strengthening organizational culture, and that employees' emotional and normative commitment to the organization also plays a critical role. Significant differences were also reported according to demographic variables. This study emphasizes that transformational leadership and organizational commitment should be evaluated together when developing managerial strategies

The Act of Adultery in Comparative Perspective Under Islamic Law and The Turkish Legal System

2025-07-17T09:23:28+03:00

Although the family has undergone transformations throughout human history, it has consistently remained the fundamental unit of society and its deepest repository of collective memory. The foundation of the family lies not only in cohabitation but also in the assumption of shared responsibilities and mutual fidelity. The breach of this duty of fidelity, which constitutes one of the moral and legal cornerstones of society, gives rise to the concept of adultery. In the Turkish legal system, adultery is not explicitly codified as a criminal offence; however, it is defined as the act of a legally married spouse engaging knowingly and willingly in sexual intercourse with a person other than their lawful partner. In contrast, Islamic law defines adultery (zina) as sexual intercourse between a man and a woman who are not bound by a valid marriage contract. Significant differences exist between Islamic law and the Turkish legal system regarding the definition, constitutive elements, and legal consequences of adultery. While in many societies adultery is viewed as a shameful or sinful act within the framework of moral, cultural, and religious norms, under the Turkish Penal Code it is not recognized as a criminal offence. Instead, it is regarded as a specific ground for divorce under the Turkish Civil Code, with legal consequences confined to the domain of family law. By contrast, Islamic law considers adultery a grave sin (haram) and a highly reprehensible act, prescribing specific punishments that vary depending on factors such as the marital status (married or unmarried) and legal status (free or enslaved) of the perpetrator.

This article is based primarily on Chapter Six, “Comparative Evaluation,” of our master’s thesis entitled “The Act of Adultery in Islamic Law and the Turkish Legal System.” It undertakes a comprehensive analysis of the definition of adultery, the evidentiary system, punitive measures, and the historical evolution of the concept within these two distinct legal frameworks. By considering both theoretical and practical dimensions, the study seeks to emphasize the broader significance of regulating adultery and to contribute to the understanding of its legal treatment within comparative family law. The institution of the family, regarded as the cornerstone of social order in both Islamic jurisprudence and the Turkish legal system, and the duty of fidelity, which is crucial for ensuring family continuity and establishing legitimate lineage, have been the focus of various scholarly inquiries. However, during the preparatory stages of our thesis, it became evident that there was no comprehensive comparative study analyzing the concept of adultery and its position in Islamic and Turkish legal systems. This study therefore seeks to address this gap by providing a detailed and critical comparative analysis of adultery within these two legal traditions.

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Organisations and Its Uses on Strategic Management

2025-05-23T14:11:07+03:00

The advancements of AI technologies are transforming organisations by enabling more efficient, data-driven decision-making and enhancing customer experiences. However, the benefits of this transformation come with significant challenges, including—but not limited to—ethical concerns, workforce displacement, data privacy, and algorithmic bias. This paper critically examines how aı reshapes strategic management by addressing these issues. Furthermore, it highlights the often-underexplored practical difficulties in aligning organizational goals with market dynamics, balancing short-term performance with long-term sustainability, and managing resource allocation effectively. to bridge these gaps, a comprehensive aı-driven framework is proposed, incorporating data integration, advanced analytics, and decision support systems

A Descriptive Analysis of Theses on 21st-Century Skills in the Field of Science Education in Turkey (2018–2025)

2025-07-09T23:48:05+03:00

The aim of this study is to examine postgraduate theses prepared in the field of science education in Turkey between 2018 and 2025, in order to reveal how 21st-century skills are addressed in these studies through thematic content analysis. The research is structured within the framework of document analysis, and 18 theses accessed from the National Thesis Center of the Council of Higher Education (YÖK) were selected as the sample. The theses were analyzed in terms of year, research method, sample group, data collection tools, and key findings. Based on the analysis, nine main themes were identified: “development in 21st-century skills,” “curriculum insufficiency,” “teachers’ self-efficacy perceptions,” “technology-supported approaches,” “challenges in skill assessment,” “theory-practice disconnection,” “lack of time/materials,” “low student motivation,” and “inadequacy of traditional assessment methods.” The findings indicate an increased awareness regarding the acquisition of 21st-century skills; however, notable limitations persist in terms of implementation, curriculum, and assessment. While the integration of technology into teaching is perceived as effective, the continued use of traditional assessment methods is considered to have negative impacts on the process. This study aims to reveal the current state of skill-based education in the context of science education and contribute to curriculum development and teacher training efforts.

The Spillover of the 2025 US Stock Market Crash on Borsa Istanbul and Asset Prices

2025-07-17T19:19:01+03:00

This paper seeks to analyse the spillover effects of the "Liberation Day Tariffs," declared after Donald Trump's second presidential term in 2025, on the Turkish financial markets, resulting from the decline in the US stock markets. The study analysed the effects of value losses in the S&P 500 index on stock indices, exchange rates, gold prices, bond yields, CDS premiums, and housing prices in Turkey. The Diebold-Yılmaz spillover index, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and historical decomposition model were employed to calculate static and time-varying dynamic spillover levels. A model for a spillover efficiency score index has been created to calculate dynamic spillovers. The data demonstrate that the U.S. stock market crisis adversely affected the highest levels of the BIST 100 and BIST All indices in Turkey. In contrast, a favourable impact was observed on assets such as currencies and gold. During the week of the crash, the value losses in the S&P 500 index extended to the BIST-100 and BIST-All indices, registering 74% and 51% declines, respectively. During the entire duration, S&P 500-induced losses were spillovered to the BIST-100 and BIST-All indexes at 74% and 44%, respectively. The dynamic spillover scores recorded throughout the collapse week corroborate that investors demonstrated risk-averse behaviour by seeking other assets.

The Role Of Illustration in Wine Label Design Through The Example Of Château Mouton Rothschild

2025-07-21T11:03:01+03:00

Wine label design, a diverse product range within packaging design, has evolved over time as a part of wine production and consumption culture. Wine labels, once solely for informational purposes, have now become a fundamental tool for artistic expression, visual narrative, and brand identity building. Illustration, a key element of visual design, plays a significant role in this transformation, transforming wine labels into a small but distinct communication medium. These labels stand out as visual tools that convey themes such as authenticity, tradition, nature, and cultural memory to the viewer. This study examines the historical development of wine label design and examines the impact of illustration in this process. Using the example of the French wine brand Château Mouton Rothschild, the research analyzes the role of art and artists in label design. This brand has adopted an unconventional and original approach to its labels and has consistently maintained this approach over the years.

The brand's works, ranging from figurative illustrations to conceptual and minimal works, visualize the spirit of each harvest year, offering narratives that are sometimes poetic, sometimes symbolic, or even personal. This article demonstrates that illustration is not merely a visual ornament, but rather a bridge between art, storytelling, and sensory experience, becoming a defining element in the formation of brand identity. As in the case of Château Mouton Rothschild, the way illustration is linked to the product label is not merely an aesthetic choice but also the result of a strategic design approach that reflects the brand's values, vision, and cultural discourse. In this context, the role of visual arts in marketing and brand narrative presents a significant area of investigation for contemporary design research.

Bibliometric Analysis of Panic Buying Literature (2020–2024)

2025-07-21T15:53:08+03:00

This study comprehensively examines the rapidly growing literature on panic buying behavior in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period using bibliometric analysis. A total of 374 English-language articles published in the Scopus database between 2020 and 2024 were analyzed, revealing that panic buying is a multidimensional phenomenon interacting with individual psychology, consumer behavior, and social structures during crises. The number of publications peaked in 2021 and plateaued in subsequent years, indicating increased academic interest during the height of the pandemic followed by saturation over time. However, the high citation counts per article confirm the continued scientific importance of the topic. The studies exhibit an interdisciplinary structure encompassing psychology, public health, consumer behavior, and sustainability. Countries such as China, the USA, and Australia made significant contributions, while Singapore and Canada stood out in terms of the impact of their publications. Keyword analyses show that panic buying, initially approached from a health-focused perspective, has gradually expanded to include psychological, social, and structural dimensions. The influence of media, social environment, and government policies on consumer behavior remains a prominent research area. In conclusion, panic buying is not merely an individual consumer reaction but a complex phenomenon reflecting the multidimensional economic, psychological, and social effects of crises. This study clarifies the current state of the literature and provides a foundation for strategic research and practical recommendations for the future of the field.

The Conceptual Meaning of a “Türkü Bar”

2025-06-03T19:57:35+03:00

In our country, traditionally, the “Türkü” holds an indisputably important position both in terms of literature and music. For this reason, it is still the subject of various studies conducted by social science experts from all over the world. Türkü is one of the most effective cultural transmission tools in the geography we live in. Folk songs are performed with different styles and attitudes throughout the country. In compilation studies conducted during the Republican era, it was observed that the same lyrics were performed differently in various regions according to the local traditions of playing and singing, and these diverse styles reflect one of the greatest riches of Anatolian peoples—its diversity. Nowadays, in the cosmopolitan urban environment of Istanbul, türküs are most frequently performed in türkü bars. Türkü bars are the quickest way for people to access folk songs. However, it would be incorrect to say that performance spaces are limited to türkü bars only. Besides türkü bars, folk songs also find significant spaces in certain concerts and performance venues, cemevis (Alevi worship places), associations, private courses, and even in the recently popular street music scene. Therefore, türküs are a music genre with a wide range of performance areas. This breadth is due to the fact that the population living in Istanbul mostly consists of communities who migrated from Anatolia and find their cultural values reflected in türküs. This study was prepared to identify the social and economic reasons behind the transfer of türküs—a musical genre belonging to the Anatolian music tradition—to the bar environment, to determine the meanings attributed to the concept of türkü in türkü bars, and to collect certain data about musicians and listeners as a result of fieldwork. The research aims to conclude what kind of meaning world türküs create in the bar environment and what meanings this world holds in terms of space, spatial dynamics, and musical dimensions.

A Qualitative Study on Social Workers' Awareness of Digitalization in Social Work Practice

2025-07-13T17:57:57+03:00

This study aims to assess the awareness levels of social workers employed in social service institutions in Turkey regarding the implementation of digital social services. A qualitative research design was adopted, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews, one of the key techniques in qualitative inquiry. Participants were recruited using the snowball sampling method, which is among the purposive sampling techniques. The study sample consisted of 20 volunteer social workers who hold at least a bachelor’s degree in social work and are actively engaged in the field in Turkey.The findings indicate that participants hold diverse perspectives on how social service practices are being transformed through the process of digitalization. Participants reported that they utilize various digital tools during service delivery and recognize that these technologies play a supportive role in professional social work practice; however, they also emphasized the need for the further development and refinement of such digital applications. Moreover, it was revealed that participants perceive themselves as part of the ongoing digital transformation in the field and highlight the importance of establishing a clear division of roles and responsibilities between social workers and digital technologies, particularly during intervention processes. In this context, it was concluded that enhancing the efficiency of digital social services requires improvements to the existing system and the provision of comprehensive training programs for professionals.

In conclusion, ensuring effective digital social service interventions necessitates that service-providing institutions operate in a coordinated manner and foster strong inter-institutional collaboration.

The Mediating Role of Servant Leadership in the Effect of Organizational Culture on Organizational Commitment

2025-02-24T12:57:11+03:00

The purpose of the study is to examine how organizational culture and servant leadership affect organizational commitment and also the mediating role of servant leadership in the effect of organizational culture on organizational commitment. The study was conducted using quantitative methods and a relational survey model. The data of the study was collected using online survey forms. The universe of the study consisted of 404 people working in different positions in the automotive sector on the European side of Istanbul. The data of the study was analyzed using IBM SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 24 programs. The findings of the study showed that organizational culture and servant leadership positively and significantly affect organizational commitment and that these two factors explain a very high variance of 50% on organizational commitment. The study found that organizational culture also has a positive and strong effect on servant leadership and that organizational culture indirectly affects organizational commitment through servant leadership.

Accountabiliy Politics in Selected Countries

2025-07-17T01:50:19+03:00

The countries examined in terms of accountability policies are Scotland, the Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Canada, Germany, Hungary, and Switzerland.

The basic information used in defining accountability policies comes from various sources. This section discusses the perspectives of teachers and principals in each school on accountability. One such question is what teachers in these countries understand the concept of accountability in their own schools and classrooms. It seeks to answer the questions of what the stakeholders of the education system and the needs of teachers are.

The Mediatory Role Of Organizational Culture In The Effect Of Job Satisfaction On Employee Performance And A Research On It

2025-06-25T22:29:48+03:00

In today's competitive business world, the relationship between employee job satisfaction and performance is of strategic importance for businesses. While high job satisfaction increases employee motivation and contributes to a more productive and effective workforce, low job satisfaction can lead to performance losses and increased workforce turnover. In this context, organizational culture is considered a critical mediator variable in the relationship between job satisfaction and employee performance. Organizational culture is a structure that includes the values, norms, beliefs and behavioral patterns of the business and is one of the basic elements that shape the attitudes and behaviors of employees in the work environment. The main purpose of this study is to deeply examine the effect of job satisfaction on employee performance and the mediator role of organizational culture in this effect. Today, the continuity of businesses and the achievement of competitive advantage largely depend on the efficient use of human resources. In this context, the satisfaction that employees feel from their jobs and the reflection of this satisfaction on performance have become one of the starting points for institutions. However, the critical mediator role played by organizational culture in this relationship between job satisfaction and employee performance has not been sufficiently addressed in the literature. This research aims to understand how organizational culture plays an effective mediator variable role in the relationship between job satisfaction and employee performance. The survey technique was used as a method and data obtained from individuals working in different sectors were analyzed. As a result of the research, it was revealed that as job satisfaction increased, employee performance also increased significantly. However, it was also determined that the effect of job satisfaction on performance remained limited in cases where this increase was not supported by the organizational culture.

Investigation of the Regional Differences of the Same Named Game Airs in Turkish Folk Music (Kelkit Valley Example)

2025-06-05T14:23:57+03:00

Kelkit Valley, positioned as a gateway between the Black Sea and Eastern Anatolia regions, harbours a distinctive and diverse musical culture. Centered on the provinces of Tokat, Erzincan, Gümüşhane, Sivas, and Giresun, this study examines traditional folk dance tunes—particularly “Rum Diki,” “Dik Horon,” and through their characteristic 5‑beat (3+2) and 7‑beat (2+2+3) rhythmic patterns. Researchers employed both written sources and ethnographic methods, including individual interviews with local musicians, observations at weddings and festivals, and studio recordings. These tunes were transcribed, and their rhythmic frameworks, melodic motifs, and regional variations were analyzed systematically. It became clear that different interpretations of the same melody exist across districts, varying in tempo and melodic progression. For example, the Refahiye rendition tends to be slower, while the Gümüşhane version is notably faster. Although initial motifs across variants often resemble each other, divergences emerge during transitions to emphatic sections and in their closing passages.

The study also emphasizes the inseparable bond between music and dance in the valley’s folk traditions. Performers typically stand in semicircles or straight lines and maintain physical contact—by pinky fingers, hands, or shoulders—highlighting a shared communal expression. This embodied performance practice reinforces the cultural interdependence of music and movement. By situating these musical expressions within their geographical, cultural, and sociological contexts, the research documents both the continuity and evolution of Kelkit Valley’s folk traditions. Through detailed transcription and comparative analysis of regional variants, the study not only preserves these musical heritage elements but also lays the groundwork for transmitting them to future generations.

Women In Working Life And Partner Violence: The Role Of Cultural Influences

2025-06-03T23:23:34+03:00

This study, titled "Women in Working Life and Partner Violence: The Role of Cultural Influences", focuses on research conducted with 50 women in İstanbul. The study is centered on examining violence against women within the context of gender roles, self-esteem, attitudes towards violence in dating, and couples attitudes. The methodology of the research includes a quantitative survey study conducted using various scales. The findings of the research show significant statistical relationships between participants' marital status, education levels, employment status, and the sub-dimensions of the values scale. For instance, single and widowed participants were found to have higher freedom scores compared to those who are married. Additionally, as the level of education increases, career values increase while attitudes towards physical violence decrease. One of the most striking findings is that with the increase in participants' age, the scores of the gender role scale and moral values increase, whereas intellectual values, freedom, and romantic values decrease. In terms of relationship duration, participants in relationships of five years or longer were found to have lower intellectual and romantic values. The study reveals that women's tendency to tolerate partner violence is closely related to their social and demographic characteristics. These findings indicate that factors such as gender roles, education, and economic independence play a significant role in women's attitudes towards violence. The recommendations section emphasizes the need to develop social support programs for the protection of women from violence and to teach effective communication skills at an early age. Furthermore, increasing awareness about parenting education and gender roles can play a crucial role in preventing violenc

The Evolution of Industrial Models from the Industrial Revolutions to the Present Day and the Role of Technology

2025-06-06T18:42:14+03:00

This study offers a comprehensive examination of the multilayered effects of Industry 4.0’s core technologies on labour dynamics and organisational structures. Positioned as the fourth stage in the historical evolution of industrial revolutions, Industry 4.0 encompasses advanced technologies—artificial intelligence, big-data analytics, the Internet of Things, additive manufacturing, cloud computing, augmented reality and cyber-physical systems—that are fundamentally reshaping production processes. Heightened automation, robotic integration and data-driven management approaches are fuelling a shift in skill demand, fostering flexible, project-based employment models and intensifying concerns over technological unemployment. The growing need for reskilling, the expansion of precarious work forms and increasing pressure on trade-union organisation highlight significant challenges for employee rights and collective action.

In response, firms are transforming into more flexible, horizontal and digitally oriented entities; decision-making routines now rely on real-time analytics and agile methodologies. The resulting data-centric culture redefines managers’ strategic roles while calling for continuous learning, interdisciplinary collaboration and digital literacy among employees. The study also explores how sustainability, energy efficiency and circular-economy principles intersect with Industry 4.0 applications, underscoring their environmental ramifications. Critical risks—including the digital divide, cybersecurity vulnerabilities and ethical use of data—are discussed in terms of their impact on labour markets and organisational resilience.

Focusing on Türkiye, the analysis assesses sectoral digital-maturity levels, the financial and expertise constraints faced by SMEs, the effectiveness of national strategy documents and incentive schemes, and higher-education initiatives aimed at developing relevant competencies. Findings generate policy recommendations to strengthen education-employment alignment, accelerate digital-infrastructure investment and mainstream cybersecurity standards, while offering managers a roadmap for human-capital transformation, data-governance strategies and integrated value-chain solutions. By expanding the perspective to include economic, social and environmental dimensions, this study seeks to contribute to a holistic understanding of Industry 4.0’s multifaceted impacts.